How to get RID of Acne Naturally

How to get RID of Acne Naturally - Body Acne
Treatment
When dealing with acne skin care, most of the
medical professionals commonly suggest that
people affected with acne must practice certain
acne skin care methods that will help improve the
condition of their skin.
Acne, as you may already know, is a very severe
skin disorder that affects thousands of people
from all over the world.
It not only affects the surface of the skin but also
the inner layers of the skin. Acne usually occurs
on the face, neck, chest and back, and it starts
during the adolescence period.
During the past several years, a good number of
acne experts and skin care professionals have
conducted many studies on how to prevent the
formation of acne.
And fortunately, these skin care specialists have
come out with certain acne skin care tips that can
be of great help for fighting acne.
I have selected the three simpler yet most
powerful acne skin care tips that you can follow in
order to have a healthier skin.

Acne Skin Care Tip # 1:
You Should Always Clean Your Skin Very Gently .
First of all, personal hygiene is very necessary for
fighting acne. So as what most experts usually
suggest, you should gently clean your skin with a
mild cleanser at least twice a day.

This simple acne skin care step is deemed
important for fighting acne since washing your
face or the other affected areas will wipe away the
acne-causing bacteria on the skin.
Also note that although you are sometimes told to
scrub your face, scrubbing is not a good acne skin
care move since it will just trigger the
development of acne, worsening the condition.
In addition to this acne skin care
step, it is worth noting that astringents are not
always suggested unless the skin is very oily. And,
they must only be applied on the oily spots.

Acne Skin Care # 2
You Should Refrain from Frequently
Holding Your Skin
Another helpful acne skin care tip is to avoid
frequently handling of the skin. Don't pinch, pick
or squeeze your pimple since it will only worsen
the condition. Many of the people have
considered this acne skin care step as one of the
most important acne skin care pointers knowing
that it may only cause infection and scars
formation.
As this acne skin care tip holds, you should
avoid rubbing and touching your skin lesions if
possible.


Acne Skin Care # 3:
Always Choose Cosmetics
Carefully
This last acne skin care tip holds that people who
are being treated for acne must change some of
the cosmetics they use.

Note that in order to avoid the onset or the
development of acne, the cosmetics you plan on
using like the foundation, blush, moisturizers, and
eye shadow should be oil free.
Aside from that, this acne skin care tip also holds
that you must avoid oily hair products for they
may cause closed comedones. Therefore, those
products that are labeled as noncomedogenic
should be applied.

It is a fact that many of us are very conscious of
our skin condition. And as such, we are always
wanting to have a fresh, good-looking skin as
much as possible.
Unfortunately, many of us also fail to come to the
conclusion that simple steps are the best ways to
accomplish this goal.

We often are blind enough that we don;t see
what;s really right or wrong for our skin. We often
fall in so much frustration and desperation that
make us go buy any high-priced beauty products
that in the end just turn out to be a waste of time
and money, and even worsen our acne.

Hopefully, the above mentioned acne skin care
tips will be a good start to help you enhance your
skin condition.

The Causes of ACNE

Acne is a common skin condition that
mainly appears during youfsteenage
years, when hormone levels are changing

Acne is caused by:
family/genetic history
oily cosmetics
stress
diet
hot weather
exposure to some chemicals
Vitamin A and Vitamin E deficiency
poor hygiene
use of anabolic steroids
puberty and menstrual cycles


Other Causes,.,
Our skin is covered with very small holes, called
follicles
Each follicle has a fine hair growing out of it
The follicle produces a special moisturiser for the
skin, called sebum, that flows out along the hair

Acne usually
occurs on the
face,
arms,
chest,
neck
and back


People with acne can:
have very low self esteem
feel unattractive
be bullied by their peers I
become depressed
consider suicide


Sometimes acne can be
cleared by regular
washing and special acne
treatments.

Most treatments aim to:
Help clear dead skin
Help clear blackheads
This allows sebum to move freely ag
The spots heal

Acne vulgaris Alternative treatments

Acne vulgaris, more commonly referred to simply acne, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilocebaceous unit.
characterized by:
■ abnormalities in sebum production
■ follicular desquamation
■ bacterial proliferation
■ inflammation

Acne vulgaris is the most common cutaneous disorder.
It affects more than 17 million Americans.
Patients can experience significant psychological morbidity
and, rarely, mortality due to suicide.
Important that physicians are familiar with Acne Vulgaris and
its treatment.
affects all races and ethnicities with equal significance.
Darker skinned patients at increased risk for developing
post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation and keloids.

Acne is polygenic and multi-factorial. Four main pathogenetic
factors contribute to the disease:
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis
colonisation. :
bacteria found deep in follicles and stimulate the production
of pro-inflammatory mediators and lipases.
Inflammation and immune response. Inflammatory cells and
mediators efflux into the disrupted follicle, leading to the
development of papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts.
Sebaceous gland hyperplasia and excess sebum production.
Abnormal follicular differentiation.

Propionibacterium Acn
Propionibacterium acne is a gram-positive, non-motil rods relatively
slow growing typically aerotolerant anaerobic gram positive bacterium
S. epidermidis is a very hardy microorganism, consisting of
nonmotile, Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clust-
ers.is part of human skin flora and consequently part of human
flora.        Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic,
patients with compromised immune systems are often at risk
for developing acne.
The initial step in the development of acne is the formation of
the microcomedo.Follicular keratinocytes that exhibit increas-
ed cohesiveness do not shed normally, leading to retention
and accumulation.
Androgens stimulate enlargement of sebaceous glands and
increased sebum production, and the abnormal keratinaceo-
us material and sebum collect in the microcomedo.
This leads to a build-up of pressure, and whorled lamellar
concretions develop. At this stage, a non-inflammatory
comedo may be seen clinically.
This micro-environment allows the proliferation of bacterium,
which is part of the normal flora of follicles. This gram-positive
rod has low virulence but is capable of metabolising
triglycerides and releasing free fatty acids.This metabolism,
as well as its ability to activate complement, produces pro-
inflammatory mediators, including neutrophil chemo-
attractants.
With increased pressure and recruitment of inflammatory
mediators, the microcomedo may rupture and release
immunogenic keratin and sebum, thus stimulating an even
greater inflammatory response
Depending on the specific inflammatory cells present,suppur-
ative    pustules or inflamed papules, nodules, or cysts may
develop.     If a sufficient amount of inflammation and tissue
damage results,   post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and
scarring may result.


Closed comedone (whitehead) - a clogged follicle.
Whiteheads usually appear on the skin as small, round, white
bumps.
Open comedone (blackhead) - a plugged follicle that opens
and turns dark at the surface of the skin. Blackheads do not
indicate the presence of dirt.
Papules - inflamed lesions that appear as small, pink bumps
on the skin.
Pustules (pimples) - inflamed pus filled lesions that are red at
the base.
Cvsts and nodules - large, inflamed, pus filled lesions deep
under the skin that can cause pain and scarring.


Local symptoms :
include pain
tenderness.
Systemic symptoms:
most often absent
Severe acne with associated systemic signs and symptoms
such as Fever, Psychological impact on any patient


The goals of pharmacotherapy for acne vulgaris are to reduce
morbidity and to prevent complications.
Medication: Benzoyl Peroxide Antibiotics,Topical and Oral
retinoids
Benzoyl Peroxide :
Benzoyl peroxide is a first-line treatment for mild and
moderate acne vulgaris due to its effectiveness and mild side-


Topical and systemic antibiotics used in the treatment of
acne vulgaris are directed at Propionibacterium acnes.
They also have anti-inflammatory properties.
Minocycline
Doxycycline
Tetracycline

Retinoids
These agents decrease the cohesiveness of abnormal hyperproliferative
keratinocytes, and they may reduce the potential for malignant degene-
ration. They also modulate keratinocyte differentiation.
isotretinoin
Tretinoin topical
Adapalene
Tazarotene


Alternative treatments
Phototherapy with blue and red light emitted from special
fluorescent lights, LEDs, lasers, or dichroic bulbs.
Photodynamic therapy involving intense blue or violet light,
zinc, teat tree oil, heat therapy, salt water therapy are all
used for treating acne.

Prognosis
Acne of any severity usually remits spontaneously by the
early to mid-20s,but a substantial minority of patients,
usually women, may have acne into their 40s.

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Fact Sheet for Healthcare Professionals

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is associated with an increased risk for breast, ovarian, and other cancers. HBOC is usually caused by mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. BRCA mutations are responsible for approximately 3% of all breast cancers and 10% of all ovarian cancers. Identification of individuals with BRCA mutationsis important to allow them to take advantage of interventions that can significantly reduce their risk of cancerandallow for early detection of cancer if it develops.

Cancer Risks Associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations:

·         45-65% risk ofbreast cancer by age 70 for women with BRCA1orBRCA2 mutations, compared with a 12-13% risk for women in the general population.

·         10-39% risk of ovarian cancer by age 70 for women with BRCA1orBRCA2mutations, compared witha 1-2% risk for women in the general population

·         Increased risk for tubal, peritoneal, prostate, pancreatic, and male breast cancers

·         Increased risk for early onset breast or ovarian cancer (before age 50)

Individuals Are More Likely to Have a BRCA1orBRCA2 Mutation if They Havea Personal or Family HealthHistory of Any of the Following:

·         Breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or younger in women

·         Triple negative breast cancer diagnosed at age 60 or younger in women

·         Epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer

·         Two diagnoses of breast cancer or two types of BRCA-related cancer in the same person

·         Breast cancer at any age in men

·         Pancreatic cancer or prostate cancer with Gleason score =7

·         Breast, ovarian, pancreatic, or prostate cancer among multiple blood relatives

·         Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish ancestry

·         A known BRCA1 or BRCA2mutation in the family

Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations for Identifying Patients at Risk Because of Family Health History Who Should Be Referred for Genetic Services

Recommendation for BRCA Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (2014)¹

The USPSTF recommends that primary care providers screen women who have family members with breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer with one of several screening tools designed to identify a family history that may be associated with an increased risk for potentially harmful mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2). These tools include the Ontario Family History Assessment Tool, Manchester Scoring System, Referral Screening Tool, Pedigree Assessment Tool and the FHS-7. Women with positive screening results should receive genetic counseling and, if indicated after counseling, BRCA testing.It is important to note that the screening results from different tools might not be consistent,because the criteria and algorithms used vary among tools. Furthermore, some individuals withBRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations might not be identified using these tools.

Other recommendations

Recommendations from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)/National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) include specific personal and family health history referral criteria for BRCA genetics counseling and testing.

Genetic Counselingand Testing for HBOC

Insurance Coverage

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Local Coverage Determination (LCD) on BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genetic Testing allows for regional coverage of BRCA genetic counseling and testing for individuals with personal histories of breast, ovarian, and other cancers that fit specificcriteria for increased risk for a BRCA mutation.The Recommendation for BRCA Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (2014)¹addressesBRCA genetic counseling and testing in women who have a family health history of breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer but have not had these cancers themselves.The Affordable Care Act requires non-grandfathered health plans to cover without cost sharing preventive services with a USPSTF rating of “B” or higher, which includes the BRCA testing recommendation. Importantly, genetic counseling, if appropriate, is covered without cost sharing by many health plans under the Affordable Care Act when used in accordance with the USPSTF recommendation. And, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has advised insurance companies to also cover the BRCA test without cost sharing when used in accordance with the USPSTF recommendation.

Genetic Counseling

Genetic counseling helps individuals better understand their risk for hereditary cancer so that they can make informed decisions about genetic testing and follow-up care by:

·         Reviewing an individual’s personal and family medical history

·         Determining which family member is most appropriate for initial genetic testing in a family

·         Reviewing risk for HBOC and the chance of finding a mutation through genetic testing

·         Interpreting genetic test results and explaining what they mean for individuals and their relatives

·         Outlining medical management implications of a positive or a negative test result  

·         Providing referrals to medical specialists, support resources, and research opportunities

·         Addressing concerns about the privacy and confidentiality of personal geneticinformation

Benefits and Risks of Genetic Testing

·         Individuals with a positive test result can take steps to reduce their cancer risk through prophylactic surgery, medications that can prevent the onset of cancer, and/or earlier, more frequent screening

·         Genetic testing may provide a patient’s relatives with useful information, including which mutation relatives should be tested for.

·         A negative test result may provide a sense of relief and will help the patient avoid unneeded screens, medications, or surgeries.

·         Although the benefits of genetic testing are thought to greatly outweigh the disadvantages, test results may affect a person’s emotions, family relationships, finances, privacy,and medical choices.

·         Genetic information cannot be used to deny someone health coverage or employment, because of a federal law called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). However, this law does not cover life, disability and long-term care insurance, and only applies to asymptomatic individuals (not those with a personal history of HBOC-related cancer).

·         Medical treatments, such as prophylactic surgery, are not without risk and could have serious, long‐term implications.

Medical Management of Patients with HBOC

Several management options exist but the strength of evidence varies across types of interventions

Interventions noted by USPSTF¹ that may reduce risk include:

·         Bilateral mastectomy results in an 85-100% reduction in breast cancer risk

·         Oophorectomy or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy results in a 69-100% reduction in ovarian cancer  risk and a 37-100% reduction in breast cancer risk

·         Chemoprevention with tamoxifen or raloxifene

·         Earlier, more frequent, or more intensive cancer screening

·            

In addition, NCCN recommendations include²:

• Increased breast surveillance through yearly MRI or mammogram starting at age 25
• Clinical breast examstwice per year starting at age 25
• Pelvic exam, trans-vaginal ultrasound, and/or CA-125 every 6 months starting at age 30 years or 5-10 years before earliest age of first diagnosis of ovarian cancer in the family (not determined to decrease morbidity or mortality)

References

1.        U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer in Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 160:271-281.

2.        National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2014 Genetics/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian. HBOC-A.

What is kidney cancer?

Kidney cancer occurs when abnormal cells within one kidney grow in an uncontrolled way.

There are two kidneys in the body, located on either side of the spine above the waist. Each kidney contains very small tubes, called tubules, which filter and clean the blood. Waste products removed from the blood form urine, which is taken from each kidney to the bladder through a tube called a ureter. The bladder stores urine until it is released from the body through the urethra.¹

What are the different types of kidney cancer?

There are two main types of kidney cancer. These are named after the cell type in which the cancer first develops.

·                     The most common type of kidney cancer starts in the lining of the tubules in the kidney. This is called renal adenocarcinoma.^1,2 Approximately 85 per cent of cases of kidney cancer start in the lining of the tubules.²

·                     Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter starts in cells lining the renal pelvis of the kidney or the ureter.³

What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?

There are often no symptoms of kidney cancer until the late stages of the disease.⁴

The most common symptoms of kidney cancer are:

·                     blood in the urine - this is called haematuria⁴

·                     a lump in the abdomen^1,4

·                     pain in the side that does not go away⁴

·                     loss of appetite

·                     unexplained weight loss

·                     anaemia.

There are a number of conditions that may cause these symptoms, not just kidney cancer. If any of these symptoms are experienced, it is important that they are discussed with a doctor.

What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?

A risk factor is any factor that is associated with an increased chance of developing a particular health condition such as kidney cancer. There are different types of risk factors, some of which can be modified and some which cannot.

It should be noted that having one or more risk factors does not mean a person will develop kidney cancer. Many people have at least one risk factor but will never develop kidney cancer, while others with kidney cancer may have had no known risk factors. Even if a person with kidney cancer has a risk factor, it is usually hard to know how much that risk factor contributed to the development of their disease.

While the causes of kidney cancer are not fully understood, there are a number of factors associated with the risk of developing the disease. These factors include:

·                     tobacco smoking^1,4,5

·                     obesity^4,5

·                     high-blood pressure - this is called hypertension^4,5

·                     long-term use of certain pain medications^1,4,5

·                     having certain genetic conditions such as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome or hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma.^1,4

How is kidney cancer diagnosed?

A number of tests will be performed to investigate symptoms of kidney cancer and confirm a diagnosis. Some of the more common tests include:⁴

·                     a physical examination

·                     examination of a blood sample

·                     examination of a urine sample

·                     imaging of the kidney and nearby organs, which may include ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

·                     taking a sample of tissue (biopsy) from the affected kidney wall for examination under a microscope.

Treatment options

Treatment and care of people with cancer is usually provided by a team of health professionals - called a multidisciplinary team.

Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the severity of symptoms and the person's general health. Treatment options can include surgery to remove part or all of the affected kidney, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies to destroy cancer cells.

Research is ongoing to find new ways to diagnose and treat different types of cancer. Some people may be offered the option of participation in a clinical trial to test new ways of treating kidney cancer.

Finding support

People often feel overwhelmed, scared, anxious and upset after a diagnosis of cancer. These are all normal feelings.

Having practical and emotional support during and after diagnosis and treatment for cancer is very important. Support may be available from family and friends, health professionals or special support services.

In addition, State and Territory Cancer Councils provide general information about cancer as well as information on local resources and relevant support groups.

The Cancer Council Helpline can be accessed from anywhere in Australia by calling 13 11 20 for the cost of a local call.

More information about finding support can be found on the Cancer Australia website www.canceraustralia.gov.au

References

1. National Cancer Institute. Renal cell cancer treatment (PDQ) - patient version.Available from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/renalcell/Patient.[Accessed July 2012].

2. National Cancer Institute. Renal cell cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version.Available from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/renalcell/HealthProfessional/page2.[Accessed July 2012].

3. National Cancer Institute. Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment (PDQ) - patient version.Available from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/transitionalcell/Patient.[Accessed July 2012].

4. Ljungberg B, Cowan NC, Hanbury DC et al. EAU Guidelines of Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2010 update. European Urology 2010; 58: 398-406.

5. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on Cancer Services Improving Outcomes in Urological Cancers. London: 2002.